# The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are section of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State.
The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of of the Constitution, apply irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed or gender.
- The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions-set out in Part IV of the Constitution-are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing and passing laws.
- The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties-set out in Part IV-A of the constitution-concern individuals and the nation.
- The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England’s Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man.
- The task of developing a constitution for an independent India was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, which composed of elected representatives under the presidency of Rajendra Prasad. The assembly appointed a constitution drafting committee headed by Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. The process was influenced by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the U.N.
- The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles were included in the final draft of the constitution promulgated on 26 November 1949, while the Fundamental Duties were later added to the constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976.
# FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INDIA :-
- The Fundamental Rights - embodied in Part III of the constitution - guarantee civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace as citizens of India. The six fundamental rights are right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights and right to constitutional remedies.
- All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have the right to approach the High Courts or the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. In public interest, anyone can initiate litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as “Public interest litigation”. High Court and Supreme Court judges can also act on their own on the basis of media reports.
- The Fundamental Rights emphasise equality by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of public institutions and protections, irrespective of their background. The rights to life and personal liberty apply for persons of any nationality, while others, such as the freedom of speech and expression are applicable only to the citizens of India (including non-resident Indian citizens).
- The Fundamental Rights can only be altered by a constitutional amendment, hence their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch, but also on the Parliament and state legislatures. The imposition of a state oL emergency may lead to a temporary suspension of the rights conferred by Article 19 (including freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) to preserve national security and public order. The President can, by order, suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well.)
# PERSONAL RIGHTS :-
- The right to equality is one of the chief guarantees given in Articles 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the constitution. It is the principal foundation of all other rights, guaranteeing equality of all citizens before law, social equality, equal access to public areas, equality in matters of public employment, the abolition of untouchability and of titles. However, reservations (i.e, quotas in jobs, education, etc.) can be made for women, children, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
- The State cannot discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment except for the implementation of any mandated quotas, though exceptions can be made where specific knowledge is required. The right to equality in matters regarding public employment is not conferred to overseas citizens of India. The practise of untouchability has been declared an offence punishable by law. The State cannot confer any titles and the citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign State.
- The Right to freedom is stated in Articles 19, 20, 21 and 22 with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution. The right to freedom encompasses the freedom of expression, the freedom to assemble peacefully without arms, the freedom to form associations and unions, the freedom to move freely and settle in any part of the territory of India and the freedom to practise any profession. Restrictions can be imposed on all these rights in the interest of security, decency and morality.
- The Right to freedom of religion’ –covered in Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28-provides religious freedom to all citizens and preserves the principle of secularism in India. According to the constitution, all religions are equal before the State. Citizens are free to preach, practise and propagate any religion of their choice. Several distinct and often controversial practices, such as the wearing and carrying of kirpans is included in the profession of Sikhism and protected under law. Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own, subject to certain restrictions in the interest of public order, morality and health. No person can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a religion and a State-run institution cannot impart education that is associated with a particular religion.
# Economic and social rights :-
· The cultural and educational rights-given in Articles 29 and 30 – are measures to protect the rights of, ethnic and religious minorities. Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop them.
- No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State-aided institutions. All religious and ethnolinguistic communities can set up their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own culture. In granting aid to institutions, the State cannot discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution.
- The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under right to freedom by the 86th constitutional amendment of 2002.
- The Right against exploitation, given in Articles 23 and 24 provides for the abolition of human trafficking, and the abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines.
- Child labour is considered a violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution. Begar (forced and unfree labour), practised in the past by landlords, has been declared a crime punishable by law.
- The Right to constitutional remedies empowers the citizens to approach a court of law to appeal against denial of the Fundamental Rights. For instance, in case of imprisonment, the person can ask the court to see if it is in accordance with the provisions of the law of the country.
- If the court finds that it is not, the person will be released from custody. This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens’ Fundamental Rights can be done in various ways. When a national or state emergency is declared, this right is suspended by the central government.
- The Right to property was a former Fundamental Right under Article 32 before it was revoked by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978. A new article, Article 300-A, [24] was added to the constitution which provided that no person shall be deprived of his property, except by the authority of law. The right to property is no longer a fundamental right, though it is still a constitutional right.
# DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
- The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the constitution on, are directions given to the central and state governments to guide the establishment of a just society in the country.
- According to the constitution, the government should keep them in mind while framing laws, even though they are non-justiciable in nature.
- Directive Principles are classified under the following categories: Gandhian, social, economic, political, administrative, legal, environmental, protection of monuments, peace and security.
- The Directive Principles commit the State to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social, economic and political justice, as well as to fight economic inequality. The State must continually work towards providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens, equal pay for equal work for men and women, proper working condition , protection against exploitation and reduce the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few.
- The State must provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen for reason of economic or other disabilities. State should work for organisation of village panchayats, provide the right to work, education and public assistance in certain cases.
- Safe working conditions for citizens must be ensured, as must their participation in the management of industries. The State is encouraged to secure uniform civil code for all citizens, provide free and compulsory education to children and to , work for the economic uplift of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
- The Directive Principles commit the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health. It should also organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and prohibiting. slaughter of cows, calves, other milch and draught cattle. The State must safeguard the environment and wildlife of the country. The State must ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance and separation of judiciary from executive in public services.
- Article 45, which ensures Provision for free and compulsory education for children was added by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002. Article 48-A, which ensures Protection of the environment and wildlife , was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
# FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
- The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976. The ten Fundamental Duties-given in Article 51-A of the constitution-can be classified as either duties towards self, duties concerning the environment, duties towards the State and duties towards the nation.
- The 11th Fundamental Duty, which states that every citizen “who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years” was added by the 86th constitutional amendment in 2002.
- Citizens are morally obligated by the constitution to perform these duties. However, these are non-justiciable, incorporated only with the purpose of promoting patriotism among citizens.
- The Fundamental Duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India (including the constitution), to cherish its heritage and assist in its defence. It aims to promote the equality of all individuals, protect the environment and public property, to develop scientific temper, to abjure violence, to strive towards excellence and to provide free and compulsory education.
# The following are the Fundamental Duties prescribed by the Constitution of the nation under PART [IV-A] to its every citizen
(a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
(b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
(c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(d) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
(f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
(g) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures.
(h) To develop the scientific temper,’humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
W To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
(j) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement
1. The president of India holds office for a period of:
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 7
2. President electoral college consists of.--
(A) M.P (B) M.L. A. (C) Members of state legislative
(D) Elected members of parliament & state legislative
3. A dispute regarding the election of the president is referred to the :-
(A) Election commission (B) Parliamen (C) Supreme Court
(D) Vice president
4. If the president has to resign, he sends his resignation to :-
(A) Prime minister (B) Vice president
(C) Chief minister (D) Lok Sabha speaker
5. What is the position of president in the executive?
(A) Head executive (B) Constitutional head of government
(C) Constitutional head of state (D) Head of party in power
6. "EVM" for the first time used in :-
(A) 2007 (B) 2004 (C) 2003 (D) 1990
7. What did universal adult franchise mean:-
(A) Right to vote (B) Right to freedom
(C) Right to equality (D) Right to adult freedom
8. The parliament of India has – houses :-
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 3
9. Rajya sabha is also called :-
(A) Parliament (B) House of people (C) Council of states (D) None of these
10. Houses of people is :-
(A) Lok sabha (B) Vidhan sabha (C) Rajya sabha (D) Parliament
11. Rajya sabha has .......... members.
(A) 245 (B) 250 (C) 238 (D) 219
12. Lok sabha contains:
(A) 550 (B) 552 (C) 545 (D) None of these
13. How many members are nominated in Rajya sabha by president?
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 15 (D) 20
14. How many members are nominated in Lok sabha by president?
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 7
15. Parliament of India is ........... law making Institution.
(A) Midst (B) Supreme
(C) Lowest (D) All of above.
16. The lok sabha is elected after every
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 4
17. Each constituencies elected
(A) 1 person to the parliament (B) 2 person to the parliament
(C) 3 person to the parliament (D) 4 person to the parliament
18. Third lok sabha election held in
(A) 1973 (B) 1962 (C) 1966 (D) 1970
19. Which political party has won most seats in all states in 8th lok sabha election :-
(A) Telugu Desam party (B) Independents
(C) Kerala congress (D) Muslim league
20. In which state lok sabha elections were held in 1984?
(A) Punjab (B) Assam
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of above
21. When was 13th lok sabha elections held?
(A) 1970 (B)1972 (C) 1999 (D) 2000
22. Which party got a maximum number of seats?
(A) BJP (B) SHS (C) AITC (D) NCP
23. The parliament of India consists :-
(A) President, lok sabha, Rajya sabha (B) Prime minister, lok sabha, Rajya sabha
(C) Vice president, Vidhan sabha (D) None of these
24. The most important function of lok sabha is
(A) Judiciary (B) Executive
(C) Legislature (D) None of these
25. Who is the leader of ruling party in the lok sabha?
(A) Prime minister
(B) President
(C) Speaker of lok sabha
(D) All of these
26. How many elected & nominated members are there in Rajya sabha?
(A) 238, 12 (B) 233, 12
(C) 240, 10 (D) 242, 8
27. The parliament is begin with
(A) Question hour (B) Zero hour
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
28. Who highlights the drawback of various policies?
(A) BJP (B) Members of parliament
(C) Member of legislative (D) Opposition party
29. What is the significant function of parliament?
(A) Law making (B) Socio reform (C) Child development (D) None of these
30. When was 1st election held in India?
(A) 1951 (B) 1984 (C) 1971 (D) 1964
31. When was 14th election held?
(A) 2003 (B) 2000 (C) 1999 (D) 2004
32. Which political party is currently in power?
(A) Congress (B) BJP
(C) Telugu Desam (D) None of these
33. The parliament is made up with :-
(A) Prime minister, BJP
(B) President, Lok sabha, Rajya sabha
(C) Vidhan sabha, Vidhan Mandal
(D) All of these
34. When did India get freedom?
(A) 1945 (B) 1948 (C) 1942 (D) 1947
35. Who was the 1st prime minister of India?
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru (B) Mahatma Gandhi
(C) Rajender Parsad (D) None of above
36. Who was the 1st president of India?
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru (B) Mahatma Gandhi
(C) Rajendra Prasad (D) None of the above
37. What is the guiding philosophy of Bharatiya Janata party?
(A) Marxism (B) Revolutionary democracy
(C) Modernisation (D) None of these
38. In representative democracies, people do not participate
(A) Directly (B) Indirectly
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
39. BJP is :-
(A) National party (B) State party (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
40. How many building are there for central secretariat?
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2
41. When was it built?
(A) 1930 (B) 1950 (C) 1961 (D) 1931
42. Member of Parliament are representatives of ?
(A) Government (B) Party
(C) None of these (D) People
43. When was 6th election held?
(A) 1977 (B) 1984 (C) 1967 (D) 2004
44. The members of Rajya sabha are elected
(A) Directly (B) Indirectly
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
45. The person of age has right to vote?
(A) 18 (B) 21 (C) 22 (D) 24
46. Political party is made by :-
(A) Members of parliament
(B) Member of legislative assembly
(C) Prime minister
(D) None of these
47. In, 13th elections of lok sabha BJP wins
(A) 182 (B) 14 (C) 114 (D) 5
48. The members of Rajya sabha are called :-
(A) MLA (B) MP (C) PM (D) President
49. 'NDA' means :-
(A) National defence academy
(B) National Democratic Alliance
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
50. 'EVM' means :-
(A) Electronic voting machine
(B) Election voting machine
(C) Equal vote measure
(D) None of these
51. British come to India as :-
(A) Social reformer (B) Inventor
(C) As a ruler (D) As a traders
52. How many languages are accepted in Indian constitution ?
(A) 22 (B) 28 (C) 15 (D) 20
53. Bi-Hinduism started in the year
(A) 1870 (B) 1878 (C) 1865 (D) 1861
54. Which one of the following is a fundamental right
(A) Right to freedom of religion
(B) Right to property
(C) Right to work
(D) All of these
55. The right provided by constitution are called
(A) Governmental Right
(B) Optional Right
(C) Economic Right
(D) Fundamental Right
56. In which year Bengal was divided into two parts?
(A) 1905 (B) 1910 (C) 1915 (D) 1920
57. Bengal was divided as a result of:
(A) Do or die (B) Divide & rule (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
58. Who was the first governor general of independent India ?
(A) Dr. Rajender Parsad
(B) Dr. S. Radhskishna
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) Mount Batan
59. Who was nominated as a permanent member of Constituent Assembly ?
(A) Dr. Rajender Parsad
(B) Dr. S. Radhskishna
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) Dr. B. R. Amedkar
60. Muslim league demand for ..............constitution
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
61. Constitution was made in :-
(A) 2 years 11 months 18 days
(B) 1 years 11 months 18 days
(C) 3 years 11 months 18 days
(D) None of these
62. Secularism is added in constitution by the amendment :-
(A) 42th (B) 62th (C) 47th (D) 73th
63. After 42th amendment the first line of Indian preamble
(A) Sovereign (B) Secularism
(C) Democratic (D) All of these
64. Secularism means :-
(A) State is against to all religious
(B) State accept only one religion
(C) State will not give any special concern with any religion
(D) None of these
65. Right to freedom of religion is written in :-
(A) Act 25-29 (B) Act 14-18
(C) Act 56 (D) Act 51 1
66. According to act 28, which type of education is is given in the Institution ?
(A) Education of specific religion
(B) Navy Education
(C) Moral Education
(D) Sex Education
67. On the basis of right to freedom of religion :-
(A) Public arrangement (B) Morality
(C) Health (D) All of these
68. In which country Non-Muslim are not allowed?
(A) USA (B) Saudi Arabia (C) India (D) None of these
69. The most important aspect of secularism is its
(A) Include (B) Separation
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
70. Who supports Untouchabijity?
(A) Hindu (B) Muslim
(C) Christian (D) All of these
71. How many language are mentioned in the 8th schedule ?
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 13 (D) 22
72. Which of the following are included in right to freedom of religion ?
(A) Right to freedom of conscience
(B) Freedom against forced religious instructions
(C) Practice & propagation of religion
(D) All of these
73. Non-interference means:
(A) Respect the sentiments of all religion
(B) Respect only one religion
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
74. History provides many examples of discriminatic on the ground of
(A) Exclusion (B) Religion
(C) Law (D) Caste
75. Can there be different views with in the same religion ?
(A) yes (B) No
(C) Can't say (D) may be
76. Is India a secularism country?
(A) yes (B) No
(C) Can't say (D) may be
77. Separation of same religion from the state is :-
(A) To interrupt religious teaching
(B) To protect the freedom of individual exit from their religion
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
78. India constitution mandates that Indian state is
(A) Socialist (B) Secular
(C) Tyranny (D) None of these
79. The Indian state is
(A) Ruled by the religious group
(B) Supports one religion
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
80. Indian constitution grants the right to freedom c up their own school & colleges
(A) Yes (B) no
(C) Can't Say (D) None of these
81. Most children in govt. schools have to begin thei the 'pledge of allegiance". The children are of:
(A) USA (B) Brazil
(C) New Zealand (D) None of these
82. In USA, separation between state & religion means
(A) Prohibition free exercise of religion
(B) Respect an religion
(C) Neither the state nor the religion can interfere in affair
(D) None of these
83. France passed a law banning students from wea signs or symbols in year
(A) Feb 2004 (B) Jan 2007
(C) Dec 2006 (D) Dec 2007
84. France had faced a shortage of workers in year:
(A) 1972 (B) 1960 (C) 1970 (D) 1947
85. 'Id' is a festival of
(A) Muslim (B) Hindu
(C) Sikh (D) None of these
86. Coercion means:
(A) Freedom of speech
(B) Freedom of religion
(C) Force someone to do something
(D) All of these
87. There are maximum number of
(A) Hindu (B) Muslim
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
88. Democracy means:-
(A) Rule of people (B) Rule of minister (C) Rule of speaker (D) All of these
89. Who is the present prime minister of India?
(A) Mahatma Gandhi (B) Indra Gandhi (C) Manmohan Singh (D) Sonia Gandhi
90. Is castism should be there?
(A) Yes (B) No
(C) Can't say (D) may be
91. Christian belongs to which religion :-
(A) Hindu (B) Muslim
(C) Sikh (D) Christian
92. Sacred book of Muslim is:
(A) Ved (B) Kuran
(C) Namaj (D) All of these
93. Where the Hindu worship their God?
(A) Temple (B) Masjid
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
94. India is a :
(A) Religion based country
(B) Religion free country
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
95. Our unity lies in our
(A) Diversity (B) Castism
(C) Religious (D) None of these
96. Is there provision of Indian secularism in constitution :-
(A) No (B) Yes
(C) Can't say (D) May be
97. Wearing a – is central to a Sikh's religion
(A) Pugri (B) suit
(C) Having Bike (D) All of these
98. India constitution guarantees .......... to.
(A) Fundamental duty (B) Fundamental right
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
99. Separation of religion from the state means :-
(A) Socialism (B) Democracy
(C) Secularism (D) All of these
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A
9. C 10. A 11. A 12. C
13. B 14. A 15. B 16. A
17. A 18. B 19. A 20. C
21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B
25. A 26. B 27. A 28. D
29. A 30. A 31. D 32. A
33. B 34. A 35. A 36. C
37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D
41. A 42. D 43. A 44. B
45. A 46. A 47. A 48. A
49. B 50. A 51. D 52. A
53. B 54. A 55. D 56. A
57. B 58. D 59. D 60. B
61. C 62. A 63. D 64. C
65. A 66. A 67. D 68. B
69. B 70. A 71. D 72. D
73. A 74. B 75. A 76. A
77. B 78. C 79. A 80. B
81. A 82. C 83. A 84. B
85. A 86. C 87. B 88. A
89. C 90. B 91. D 92. B
93. A 94. B 95. A 96. B
97. A 98. B 99. C