10. ANALOGY
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.1.1 Letter Analogies
Here, the questions are based on the relationship between two groups of letters.
Generally three groups of letters are given followed by a questions mark or a blank (where a fourth group of letters is to be identified).
The students have to find the relation or order in which the letters have been grouped together in the first two groups of letters;
and then find a group of letters to fit in place of the question mark/blank space so that the third and the fourth groups will also have the same realtionship.
The sequence or order in which the letters are grouped can be illustrated by the following examples.
Illustration 1
A C D F : C G J N : : BEHI :
(A) D J N Q (B) D I N Q (C) D I N R (D) D H N Q
Solution
A C D F Similarly B E H I
+ 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8
C G J N D I N Q
.: (B)
Illustration 2
S U W Y : L P T X : : P R T V :
(A) INQU (B) IMQW (C) IMRU (D) INRU
Solution
S U W Y Similarly P R T V
– 7 – 5 – 3 – 1 – 7 – 5 – 3 –1
L P T X I M Q U
.: (B)
10.1.2 Number Analogies
In number analogies, two numbers are given that maintain a relation, followed by a number and a blank.
This number and the missing number maintains the same relationship. We have to identify the missing number
In number analogies, since only two numbers are given initially,
it is possible that a combination of addition, substraction, and multiplication etc. is used.
Generally realtionships are based on following concepts or a combination of any the following:
1.One number is a multiple of the other.
2.One number is a square root or square of the other.
3.Two numbers are squares of two other numbers which themselves are related.
For exampel, the two numbers are squares of two consective odd integrs.
4.The two numbers are such that they are obtained by subtracting a
certain number from the squares or cubes of the two related numbers.
5.The two numbers can be consecutive, even, odd or prime.
Illustration 3
Find the missing number : 37 : 50 : : 82 : ?
(A) 101 (B) 92 (C) 107 (D) 98
Solution
The given analogy can be written as 62 + 1 : 72 + 1 : : 92 + ?
Hence the number at question mark will be 102 + 1. So,
62 + 1 : 72 + 1 : : 9 2 + 1 : 102 + 1 is the sequence.
i.e. 37 : 50 : : 82 : 101
.: (A)
Illustration 4
Find the missing number : 12 : 27 : : 14 ?
(A) 27 (B) 31 (C) 33 (D) 37
Solution
12 × 2 + 3 = 24 + 3 = 27
14 × 2 + 3 = 28 + 3 = 31
.: (B)
Illustration 5
Find the missing number : 38 : 104 : : : ? : 200
(A) 68 (B) 39 (C) 70 (D) None of these
Solution
38 × 3 – 10 = 114 – 10 = 104
70 × 3 – 10 = 210 – 10 = 200
.: (C)
11.1.3 Logical Series
The questions asked are either the individual questions or a set of question wherein a series is given and you are
required to find out how many times a letter / number satisfying the conditions specified in the question occurs
Some questions on number sequence are in a peculiar pattern.
Understanding the underlying pattern is very important. Once this is known, the sequence becomes easy to solve.
Illustration 6
If the first and second letters in the word DEFINITION’ were interchanged,
also the third and the fourth letters, the fifth and the sixth letter and so on,
which letter would be the seventh letter counting from your left?
Solution
When the letters are interchanged, the new letter sequence would be EDIFINITNO. The seventh letter from the left is I.
Illustration 7
How many words can be formed by using all of the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth letters of the word ‘SIGNATURE’?
Solution
The new letter sequence formed by taking the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth letter of the word
SIGNATURE’ is SGAUE. The only word that can be formed by using all of these letters is USAGE.
Illustration 8
If the first and second, third and fourth, fifth and sixth letter and so on of the word ‘EQUIVALENT
’ are interchanged, which letter comes next in the alphabet series to the sixth letter from the right?
Solution
When the letters are interchanged, the new letter sequence would be QEIUAVELTN.
The sixth letter from the right is A and B comes after A in the alphabet series. Hence, the answer is ‘B’.
Illustration 9
If the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th letters of the word ‘POLLUTION’ are selected,
how many meaningful words can be made using all the four selected letters?
Solution
The letter sequence formed after selecting the 2nd, 4th. 6th and 8th letter of the word
‘POLLUTION’ is OLTO. One can form only two words: TOOL and LOOT.
Illustration 10
How many pairs of letters are there in the word ‘WHITE’, which have as many
letter between them in the word as in the alphabet:
Solution
Letters in the word Letters in the alphabet
H I H I
W H I T W V U T
H I T E H G F E
Hence, there are three pairs of letters in the word ‘WHITE’ which have as
many letters between them in the word as in the alphabet.
Illustration 11
In the following alphabet series, which letter is sixth to the right of fourteenth letter from the right end?
A B C D E F G H I J K L M NO P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Solution
The fourteenth letter from the right end of the alphabet series is M’ and the sixth letter to the right of ‘M’ is ‘S’.
Directions Illustration 12 to 14: Consider the following letter series and answer the questions that follow.
P T W R T V W T W Q V R T W P V W
Illustration 12
How many T’s are immediately followed by W, but not immediately preceded by W?
Solution
Clearly, the T’s satisfying the given conditions are marked as below:
P T W R T V W T W Q V R T W P V W
Hence, there are two T’s which are immediately followed by W, but are not immediately
preceded by W.
Illustration 13
Which letter is exactly midway between the above letter series?
Solution
The letter ‘W’ is exactly midway between the series.
Illustration 14
Which letter has the highest frequency in the series?
Solution
The letter W has the highest frequency of 5 i.e., W appears the highest number of times, 5 in the letter series.
Directions Illustration 15 to 16: Consider the following number series and answer the questions that follow.
3 5 2 9 8 7 1 4 3 8 9 7 6 4 2 19 3 2
Illustration 15
How many even numbers are there in the series whieh are immediately followed by an
odd number and immediately preceded by an even number?
Solution
There is only one even number ‘2’ which is immediately followed by an odd number
‘1’ and immediately preceded by an even number ‘4’.
Illustration 16
If all the odd numbers are dropped, then how many numbers are left in the series?
Solution
If all the odd numbers are dropped, then you are left with eight numbers in the series.
Directions Illustration 17 to 20: What will come next in the series given?
3, 5, 8, 12, 17. _.Illustration 17
Solution
3 + 2 = 5; 5 + 3 = 8; 8 + 4 = 12; 12 + 5 = 17; 17 + 6 = 23 Hence, the next number in the series is 23.
Illustration 18
1, 4, 9, 16. _.
Solution
l2 m 1; 22 = 4; 32 = 9; 42 = 16
Therefore, the next number in the series would be 52 = 25.
Illustration 19
21, 62, 23, 60, 25, 58, _.
Solution
These are sequences which are alternated: 21, 23, 25 and 62, 60, 58
21 + 2 = 23 ; 23 + 2 = 25
62 – 2 = 60 ; 60 – 2 = 58
Therefore, the next number is 25 + 2 = 27.
Illustration 20
4. 18. 48. 100. _.
Solution
The sequence is: 23 – 22 = 8 – 4 = 4
33 – 32 = 27 – 9 = 18
43 – 42 = 64 – 16 = 48
53 – 52 = 125 – 25 = 100
Hence, the next number in the series is: 63 – 62 = 216 – 36 = 180.
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EXERCISE-I
Directions : In the following questions 1-10, four of the following five are
alike a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group ?
1. (A) Pen (B) Calculator (C) Pencil (D) Ink (E) Eraser
2. (A) Snake (B) Lizard (C) Turtle (D) Whale (E) Crocodile
3. (A) Carrot (B) Radish (C) Potato (D) Sweet Potato (E) Beet
4. (A) Lake (B) Pond (C) Pool (D) Tank (E) Brook
5. (A) Parrot (B) Koel (C) Vulture (D) Swan (E) Sparrow
6. (A) Mercury (B) Moon (C) Jupiter (D) Venus (E) Pluto
7. (A) Bean (B) Grapes (C) Carrot (D) Banana (E) Tomato
8. (A) Club (B) Brush (C) Crayon (D) Pen (E) Pencil
9. (A) Silver (B) Iron (C) Gold (D) Zinc (E) Tin
10.(A) Ring (B) Ornament (C) Necklace (D) Bangle (E) Bracelet
EXERCISE-II
Directions : In each of the following questions, five groups of letters are given.
Four of them are alike in a certain way while one is different. Choose the odd one.
1. (A) DE (B) PQ (C) TU (D) MO (E) FG
2. (A) XW (B) FG (C) ML (D) PO (E) TS
3. (A) BD (B) MP (C) NQ (D) HK (E) TW
4. (A) KP (B) MN (C) HR (D) GT (E) EV
5. (A) VT (B) MO (C) PR (D) DF (E) FG
6. (A) BCD (B) NPR (C) KLM (D) RQP (E) HGF
7. (A) HGF (B) XWV (C) NML (D) OPQ (E) UTS
8. (A) RTW (B) QOM (C) IKG (D) IKM (E) BDF
9. (A) PRT (B) MOQ (C) GEC (D) TVX (E) SUW
10. (A) BEH (B) CFI (C) DGJ (D) EHL (E) FIL
EXERCISE-III
· Directions (Questions 1 to 10) : In each of the following questions, five (or four) numbers are given.
Out of these four (or three) are alike in some way but rest one is different. Choose the one which is different from the other.
1. (A) 27 (B) 63 (C) 42 (D) 07 (E) 49
2. (A) 100 (B) 125 (C) 169 (D) 196 (E) 121
3. (A) 275 (B) 451 (C) 297 (D) 254 (E) 143
4. (A) 901 (B) 432 (C) 562 (D) 789 (E) 678
5 (A) 147 (B) 579 (C) 135 (D) 257 (E) 159
6. (A) 2384 (B) 1592 (C) 3756 (D) 4298 (E) 3629
7. (A) 3759 (B) 2936 (C) 6927 (D) 4836 (E) 5814
8. (A) 5698 (B) 4321 (C) 7963 (D) 4232 (E) 8597
9. (A) 7487 (B) 5963 (C) 8218 (D) 6596 (E) 9259
10(A) 372164 (B) 376821 (C) 318951 (D) 319446 (E) 387315
EXERCISE-IV
1. Clock : Time :: Thermometer : ?
(A) Heat (B) Radiation (C) Energy (D) Temperature
2. Moon : Satellite :: Earth : ?
(A) Sun (B) Planet (C) Solar system(D) Asteroid
3. Ocean : Water :: Glacier : ?
(A) Refrigerator(B) Ice (C) Mountain (D) Cave
4. Food : Stomach :: Fuel : ?
(A) Plane (B) Truck (C) Engine (D) Automobile
5. Bank : River :: Coast : ?
(A) Flood (B) Waves (C) Sea (D) Beach
6. Museum is related to Curator in the same way as Prison is related to ..... ?
(A) Manager (B) Monitor (C) Jailor (D) Warden
7. Wax is related to Grease in the same way as Milk is related to ....... ?
(A) Drink (B) Ghee (C) Curd (D) Protein
8. Chef is related to Restaurant in the same way as Druggist is related to .....?
(A) Medicine (B) Pharmacy (C) Store (D) Chemist
9. Dancer is related to stage in the same way as Minister is related to ..... ?
(A) Pulpit (B) Assembly (C) Parliament (D) State
10. Kilogram is related to Quintal in the same way as Paisa is related to ......?
(A) Rupee (B) Coin (C) Wealth (D) Money
Direction: Questions 11 to 15. Select the lettered pair that has the same relationship as the given pair of words.
11. Knife : Chopper :: ? : ?
(A) Walking : Fitness (B) Swim : Float (C) Scissors : Cloth (D) Quilt : Blanket
12. Triangle : Hexagon :: ? : ?
(A) Cone : Sphere (B) Rectangle : Octagon
(C) Pentagon : Heptagon (D) Angle : Quadrilateral
13. Chair : Carpenter :: ? : ?
(A) Grass : Gardener (B) Medicine : Doctor (C) Bridge : Engineer (D) Radio : Radiologist
14. Fury : Ire :: ? : ?
(A) Amusement : Happiness (B) Joke : Laugh
(C) Cry : Hurl (D) Convulsion : Spasm
15. Food : Hungry :: ? : ?
(A) Thought : Politics (B) Water : River (C) Rest : Weary (D) Wine : Intoxication
Direction: Question 16 to 20. Choose a word from the given alternatives that belongs to the same group of three related words.
16. Calf : Kid : Pup
(A) Infant (B) Young ( C) Larva (D) Animal
17. Jute : Cotton : Wool
(A) Terylene (B) Silk (C) Rayon (D) Nylon
18. Violet : Orange : Yellow
(A) Purple (B) Blue (C) White (D) Pink
19. Basket : Pail : Pan
(A) Spoon (B) Bowl (C) Fork (D) Knife
20. Basic : Pascal : Fortran
(A) Cyclotrone (B) Computer (C) Cobol (D) Bhopal
21. 6 : 18 : : 4 : ?
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 16
22. 25 : 37 :: 49 : ?
(A) 41 (B) 56 (C) 60 (D) 65
23. 583 : 293 :: 488 : ?
(A) 291 (B) 378 (C) 487 (D) 581
24. 8 : 81 :: 64 : ?
(A) 125 (B) 137 (C) 525 (D) 625
25. 8 : 28 :: 27 : ?
(A) 8 (B) 28 (C) 64 (D) 65
Direction Q. No. 26 to 30. Choose one number which is similar to the numbers in the given set of three numbers.
26. Given set : 363, 489, 579
(A) 562 (B) 471 (C) 382 (D) 281
27. Given set : 992 , 733, 845
(A) 114 (B) 326 (C) 425 (D) 947
28. Given set : 282, 354, 444
(A) 453 (B) 417 (C) 336 (D) 225
29. Given set : 134, 246, 358
(A) 372 (B) 460 (C) 572 (D) 684
30. Given set : 235, 347, 527
(A) 935 (B) 436 (C) 835 (D) 909
Direction Q. 31 to 35. Choose the set of numbers from the four alternatives which is similar to the given set.
31. Given set : (6, 13 , 22)
(A) (6, 13, 27) (B) (10, 16, 28) (C) (11, 18, 27) (D) (13, 19, 27)
32. Given set : (9, 15, 21)
(A) 10, 14, 16) (B) (7, 21, 28) (C) (5, 10, 25) (D) (4, 8, 12)
33. Given set : (12, 20, 4)
(A) (5, 10, 15) (B) (13, 18, 5) (C) (17, 27, 5) (D) (20, 15, 25)
34. Given set : (21, 51, 15)
(A) (21, 30, 51) (B) (21, 35, 41) (C) (31, 51, 42) (D) (21, 91, 35)
35. Given set : (8, 3, 2)
(A) (10, 6, 5) (B) (63, 8, 3) (C) (95, 24, 5) (D) 168, 15, 4)
Directions: Q. No. 36 to 40 are based on the following letter series
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
36. AG : IO : : EK : ?
(A) LR (B) MS (C) PV (D) SY
37. ACE : FHJ : OQS : ?
(A) PRT (B) RTU (C) TVX (D) UWY
38. ACEG : DFHJ :: QSUW : ?
(A) KMNP (B) MNPR (C) TQST (D) TVXZ
39. EGIK : FILO :: FHJL : ?
(A) GJMP (B) GMJP (C) JGMP (D) JGPM
40. CAT : DDY :: BIG : ?
(A) CLL (B) CLM (C) CML (D) CEP
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Answers
Exercise-I
1. (B) Pen, Pencil, Ink and Eraser are items of stationery whereas Calculator is not.
2. (D) Snake, Lizard, Turtle and Crocodile are Reptiles while Whale is not.
3. (C) Potato is not a root whereas the rest of the four items are forms of root.
4. (E) Brook is a natural stream of fresh water where as others may be artificially formed.
5. (D) Swam can not fly whereas others can fly.
6. (B) Moon is not a planet while all others are planets.
7. (A) All except bean can be eaten raw.
8. (A) Club is a heavy stick usually thicker at one end than the other. All other are used for writing or drawing.
9. (B) Iron gets rusted in atmospheric moisture.
10. (B) All others are different kinds of ornaments.
Exercise-II
1. (D) All other groups contain two consecutive letters of the alphabets
2. (B) All other groups contain two consecutive letters in the reverse letter.
3. (A) In all other groups, there is a gap of two letters between the given letters.
4. (C) K is eleventh letter from A and P is eleventh letter from Z etc.
5. (E) Other letters are not consecutive
6. (B) Other letters are consecutive.
7. (D) In other groups, the three letters are consecutive in the reverse order.
8. (A) All other groups contain alternate letters of the alphabets.
9. (C) All other groups contain alternate letters of the alphabet in -order.
10.(D) In other groups, there is a gap of two letters between first and second as well as between second and third letters
Exercise-III
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (D)
6. (E) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (A)
Exercise-IV
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (C)
6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (A)
11. (D) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (C)
16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (D) 25. (D)
26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (B) 30. (D)
31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (B) 34. (D) 35. (B)
36. (B) 37. (C) 38. (D) 39. (A) 40. (A)
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