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INTRODUCTION                                     

• ‘Industry’ refers to all forms of secondary economic activities such as production of foods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.
• The relation between man and machine is usually termed as industry. It is a type of          manufacturing activity.
• ‘Manufacturing’ is the process, through which the utility of the product increases and at least some amount of value is added to the raw material used. The essence of the manufacturing  process is the conversion of raw material to a finished product and distribution of final product to the consumer.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

(a) On the basis of source of raw material used

• Agro based : cotton, wollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil etc.
• Mineral based : Iron and steel, cemen, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals etc.

(b) According to their main role:

• Basic or Key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers - sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

(c) On the basis of capital investment :

• A small scale insutry is defiend with reference to the maximum investment alloweds on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
• If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as large scale industry.

(d) On the basis of ownership :

• Public sector, owned and operated by goverment agencies - BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals-TISCO, Bajaj Auto LTd., Dabur industries etc.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or supplieres or raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or loses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

(e) Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods :

• Heavy industries such as iron and steel.
• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrial industries.

LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES    

Location of industries are complex is nature. These are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. Factors affecting location of industries can be classfied as -
(a) Natural factors 
    Availability of raw materials, water, topography and climate etc.
(b) Man made factors 
    Labour, market, transport facilities, capital and government policies.

INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

• The chief industrial regionsof the world include the Ruhr valley (Germany), the Lancashire region (UK), the Paris region (France), the Moscow region (Russia), the New York-Mid Altantic region (USA), the New England region (USA), the Great Lakes region (USA and Canada) and the Tokyo-Yokohama region (Japan).
• India’s chief industrial regions are the Mumbai-Pune region of Maharashtra, the Ahmadabad-Vadodara region of Gujarat, the industrial belt along the river Hugli in West Bengal, the Chota/nagpur region covering Jharkhand and parts of Orissa and West Bengal, the region extending from Bangalore (Karnataka) to Tamil Nadu,the Vishakhapatnam-Guntur region in the state of Andhra Pradesh, the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram region in the state of Kerala and the Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region of northern India.

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES

• It is pioneer of all the industries. It holds an eviable position, 65% of all machine tools, electrical, transports and utensile are manufactured solely by Iron, and Steel.
• Top Ten Countries Producing Iron Ore :

    1.  China        2.  U.S.A.        3.  Japan        4.  Russia        5.  Ukraine        6.  Germany    
    7.  Korea Republic    8.  Italy        9.  Brazil        10. India

STEEL PRODUCING COUNTRIES

• C.I.S.  :  Russia.
• U.S.A  :  Youngstown - Wheeling 
• Japan  :  Tokya - Yakohoma, Nagoa
• China  :  Southern Manchuria, Northem China, Yangtze Valley.
• Germany  :  Great Ruhr industrial area.
• France  :  Lorraine Region, Denain Anzin Region, Central-France Region.
• Great Britain  

    The oldest among the all manufacturing activities and is most widely industry throughout the world. It is a labour intensive and agrobased industry.

COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRIES   

 Cotton Textile Producing Countries and their Centres :

• C.U.A.  :  New England and adjacent areas, Georgia.
• C.I.S.  :  Moscow - (Tula, Ivanova and Oblesta) along with Ukraine, Caucasus, Kazakh uplands.
• Japan :  South Kyushu, Kwantoplain, Nagowa, Kinki plain, Northern Coast.
• China  :  Shanghai, Manchuria, Tienshan, Beijing, Chuang, Nanchang Lanchow.
• U.K. :  Scottish lowland, Nottingham, Ireland, Lancashire.
• Germany  :  Rhur industrial region, Frankfurt, Munich, Bremen, Chemnitz, Hamburg.
• France  : Bedford, Kolman, Nansi.
• Italy  :  Naples, Milam.
• Brazil  :  Rio-de-jenerio, SaoPaulo,          Rio-Grande.

WOOLEN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

• It is older than the Cotton textile industry. It developed at as local and cottage industry level. Raw wool is prepared in temperate and sub-tropical areas.
• Global distribution the bulk of the wool is produced by a handful of developed countries e.g. C.I.S., U.S.A., Japan, U.K.
• Germany, China, France and Italy. Almost all the countries in Europe produce at least same amount of wool.
• Japan  :  In Japan major woolen goods producing centres are located within Tokyo-Yakohoma, Nagoy, Kobe, Hemaji, Osaka and Nagasaki.
• India  :  Ludhiana, Simla, Kanpur, Bhatinda, Dhariwal and Jullundhar. 

RAYON INDUSTRIES

*    Artificial fibres popularly known as rayon, may be produced through different ways. All the artificial fibres may be sub-grouped into two 
    (1)  Fibre produced from Agroproducts e.g. wood.
    (2)  Fibre produced from chemical fibres like rayon and dacron etc.

PAPER INDUSTRIES  

 It is essentially a forest based industry. It is usually manufactured from wood fibres. The round wood and processed wood is converted into wood pulp, a principal raw material of paper industry, waste paper and fibres board are also used. These raw materials after washing, soaking and processing give rise to paper.

• DISTRIBUTION OF PAPER INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

    Countries             Production
    U.S.A.                   31.77%
    Japan                     10.55%
    Canada                  7.54%
    Germany               5.35%
    C.I.S.                     4.99%
    China                     4.72%
    Finland                  3.79%
    France                   2.73
    Italy                      2.32%
    Brazil                    2.17%

• MAJOR INDUSTRIES - INDIA

(a)     Iron and Steel Industry :
    Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Hirapur, Burnpur (West Bengal), Bhadrawati (Karnataka), Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Rourkela (Orissa), Salem (Tamilnadu), Vishkhapattanam (Andhra Pradesh), Vijainagar (Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand).

• Collaborated Plants :

1.    Durgapur (Indo-British)    
2.    Rourkela (Indo-German)
3.    Bhilai (Indo-Russai)        
4.    Bokaro (Indo-Russian)
 

(b) Cotton Textile :
    Mumbair, Ahmedabad, Surat, Solapur, Pune, Nagpur (Maharashtra and Gujarat). Coimbatore, Madurai and Chennai (Tamilnadu), Ludhiana (Punjab), Bangalore (Karnataka), Kolkata (West Bengal), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh).
 

(c) Woolen industry :
    Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Dhariwal and Ludhiana (Punjab), Mumbai (Maharashtra), Bangalore (Karnataka), Jamnagar (Gujarat), Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir).
 

(d)  Silk Industry :        
    Assam, Karnataka, Kashmir, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra.
 

(e) Jute Industry :    
    West Bengal (Howrah, Kolkata), Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
 

(f)  Sugar Industry :    
    Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka.
 

(g) Leather Industry :
    Chennai Coimbatore (Tamilnadu), Agra and Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Kolkata, Batanagar (West Bengal), Mumbai (Maharashtra).
 

(h)  Cement Industry :
    Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Rajathan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa.
 

(i)  Ship Building Industry :    
    Vishakhapattnam, Cochin, Mumbai, Kolkata, Mazgaon.
 

(j) Aircraft Industry :    
    Bangalore, Kanpur, Nasik, Koraput and Hyderabad.
 

(k) Locomotive Industry :
    Chitranjan, Varanasi, Railway, Wagon-Perambur (Chennai), Bangalore, Kolkata, Hussainpur.
 

(l) Oil Refinaries :
    At present 18 (17 in public sector and one in private sector) oil refinaries are at work. Out of 17 public sector refineries, 7 are owned by I.O.C. limited, two each by Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (a subsidiary of IOCL) Hindustan Petroleum Corporation and O.N.G.C. and one each by BPCl, Kochi refineries. (a subsidiary of BPCl), Numaligarh refinereis (a subsidiaary of BPCl) and Bongaigaon refineries and petro-chemicals (a subsidiary of IOCl). The private sector refinery is owned by Reliance Industries Ltd. A mini refinary at Tatipaka is owned by ONGC.
 

(m) Paper Industry :
    West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Selam,Charan Mahadevi (Tirunelveli) Udmakpet, Palani, Madurai, Pondicherry.
 

(n) Glass Industry :    
    Shikohabad, Firozabad, Naini, Bahjoi, Howrah, Bangalore and Belgaon.
 

(o) Pharmaceutical Industry :
    New Delhi, Rishikesh, Hyderabed, Pipri (Pune), Chennai, Mumbai, Maniktala and Panihati.
 

(p)  Automobile Industry :
    Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Jamshedpur, Pune and Gurgaon. At present 5 Automobile factories at Mumbai, 3 at Chennai, 1 at Jamshedpur, 4 at Kolkata and 1 at Gurgaon are working.
 

(q)  Cycle Industry :
    Mumbai, Delhi, Rampur, Varansi, Ludhiana, Faridabad, Patna, Asansol, Chennai, Sonepat and Agra.
 

(r)  Chemical Industry :

• Heavy Chemical Industry - Belagula, Sindri, Travancore, Tatanagar.
• Light Chemical Industry - Rasayani, Kolkata, Vadodra, Delhi and Mumbai.

(s) Rubber Industry :
    Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ballabhgarh, Mumbai, Shahganj.
 

(t) Anti-biotic-Factories :
    (i) Pimpri near Pune,
    (ii) Rishikesh near Haridwar (Uttaranchal)
 

(u) Fertiliser Industry :

• In Public sector - (i) Sindri (Jharkhand), (ii) Nangal (Punjab), (iii) Negrelly (Tamilnadu), (iv) Rourkela (Orissa), (v) Trombay (Maharashtra), (vi) Durgapur (West Bengal), (vii) Chennai (Tamilnadu), (viii) Allway (Kerala), (ix) Haldia (West Bengal), (x) Korwa (Chhattisgarh), (xi) Ramgudaun (Andhra Pradesh), (xii) Talcher (Orissa), (xiii) Cochin (Kerala), (xiv) Namaroop (Assam), (xv) Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh), (xvi) Barauni (Bihar).
• In Private Sector - (i) Kanpur, (ii) Goa, (iii) Vishakhapattanam, (iv) Kota, (v) Tutikoran, (vi) Vadodra, (vii) Bangalore, (viii) Enora, (ix) Varanasi.