INTRODUCTION

• The earliest classification of inorganic compounds including the large number of organic compounds was based on their taste.
  On this basis of these compounds were classified into acid, bases and salt. We use many such compounds in our daily lives,
  which are acids, bases and salt. We use curd, pickle, amla, soap and detergents, tamarind, toothpaste etc.
  We must learn to classify them based on scientific tests.  
• Test to distinguish between acids and basesThere are many substances, which show one colour or odour in the acidic
  medium and a different colour or odour in the basic medium. Such substances are called acid base indicators. 

A. Indicators showing different colours in acidic and basic medium 
    a. Litmus solution as indicator is a purple coloured dye extracted from the lichen plant. It is the most commonly used indicator
   in the science laboratory. In the neutral solution, it has purple colour. In the acidic solution, it turns red whereas in the basic solution it turns blue.
   There are two types of litmus solution Blue and Red litmus solution. Red litmus solution is obtained by acidifying the purple litmus extract
    whereas blue litmus solution is obtained by making the purple litmus extract alkaline. 
        To test whether the given sample is acidic or basic, take few drops of distilled water in a test tube and two drops of blue litmus solution.
       Add few drops of sample substance that is to be tested. If the blue litmus solution changes into red colour, the substance is acidic.
       For instance, lemon juice, vinegar, orange juice, juice of unripe mangoes, tamarind all turn blue litmus solution to red. Thus, they are all acidic substances. 
        We may repeat the above experiment with red litmus solution. Those substances, which turn red litmus solution into blue colour, are bases.
        For instance, cucumber, washing soda solution, baking soda solution, bitter gourd etc. turn red litmus solution into blue. Thus, they are bases. 

    b. Synthetic indicators such as Phenolphthalein and Methyl orange  

• Methyl orange is the compounds prepared industrially or in the laboratory.
  There are many such man-made substances, which can act as synthetic indicators. 
• Phenolphthalein  is colourless in neutral solution and in acidic solution but turns pink in basic solution. 
• Methyl orange is of orange colour in neutral solution, red in acidic solution and yellow in basic solution.
  Ask your teacher to help you classify various substance using these indicators.

B. Indicators giving different odours in acidic and basic medium. (Olfactory indicators)

• Clove oil. Take two test tubes. Mark them test tube ‘A’ and test tube ‘B’. Add some hydrochloric acid in test tube ‘A’
  and some Sodium Hydroxide in test tube ‘B’. Record the odour, of clove oil. Now add few drops of  clove oil in each
  test tube and shake it gently. Smell the sample in test tube ‘A’ and ‘B’. Record the odour of each test tube.
  You will notice that the odour of acid and base after addition of clove oil is different.
  Ask your teacher to help you demonstrate the experiment in the laboratory. 
•  Vanilla essence.  Repeat the experiment (a). Take another two test tubes and mark them ‘A’ and ‘B’. Add some acid
  ‘A’ and sodium hydroxide in ‘B’. Add some vanilla essence in each test tube (A) and (B).
  Vanilla retains its smell in acidic medium but looses its smell in basic medium.    

C.  Natural Indicators 
    Turmeric (Haldi), red cabbage, China rose peals are the natural indicators. 

• Turmeric is yellow in colour. Turmeric leaves a yellow stain on clothes. When such stain is washed with detergents,
  the stain becomes brownish red. Detergents have the base called sodium hydroxide. This shows that the turmeric changes
  a base into brownish red colour. When the clothe is washed with lemon, it regains its yellow colour.
  This shows that brownish red colour of turmeric changes to yellow by acids. 
• China rose petals act as a natural indicator. China rose indicator turns magenta (dark pink) in acidic solutions.
  It turns green in basic solutions and does not show any colour change in neutral solution

ACID

    An acid (from the Latin acidus meaning sour) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water,
  gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.
 Acids are sour in taste. Acids are of organic and inorganic nature. Acids found in plants and animals are organic in nature.
 Organic acids are weak whether inorganic acids are strong. 

I  Organic Acids ​​​​​

II    Inorganic acids  are called mineral acids. They are prepared by dissolving mineral oxides in water.
       Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulphurous or sulphuric acid. Carbon dioxide dissolves in
       water to form carbonic acid. Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid etc. 

•   Hydrochloric Acid 
•    Nitric Acid
•    Phosphoric Acid
•    Sulphuric Acid. 

PROPERTIES

•    Acids are generally sour in taste. (For example, the sour taste of lemon juice is due to citric acid.)
•    Strong or concentrated acids or their fumes often produce a stinging feeling on mucous membranes. 
•    Change the colour of pH indicators as follows: turn blue litmus and methyl orange red, turn phenolphthalein colourless. 
•    React with metals to produce a metal salt and hydrogen. 
•    React with metal carbonates to produce water, CO2 and a salt. 
•    React with metal hydroxides and metal oxides to produce water and a salt. 
•    Conduct electricity, depending on the degree of dissociation in aqueous solution. Car batteries use acids in them. 
•    Acids can be gases, liquids, or solids. Respective examples (at 20ºC and one atm) are hydrogen chloride,
    sulphuric acid and citric acid. Solutions of acids in water are liquids, such as hydrochloric acid-an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.
    At 20ºC and one atm, linear carboxylic acids are liquids  and solids beginning from decanoic acid (ten carbon atoms).
    Perfumed carboxylic acids, the simplest being benzoic acid, are solids. 
•   Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive and can cause severe burns even after short contact. 

BASES

    Strong bases, like strong acids, attack living tissue and cause serious burns. They react differently to skin than acids do,
 so while strong acids are corrosive, we say that strong bases are caustic (corrosive). Bases may also be weak bases such as ammonia,
which is used for cleaning. Arrhenius bases are water-soluble. An alkali is a special example of a base, where in an aqueous environment;
hydroxide ions (also viewed as OH–) are donated. Bases, which dissolve in water, are called alkalis. Bases are alkalis but not all alkalis are bases. 
    The notion of a base as a concept in chemistry was first introduced by the French chemist Guillaume Francois Rouelle in 1754. He noted that acids,
    which in those days were mostly volatile liquids (like acetic acid), turned into solid salts only when combined with specific substances.
   These substances form a concrete base for the salt and hence the name. 

PROPERTIES

    Some general properties of bases include: 

•   Slippery or soapy feel on fingers, due to specification of the lipids in human skin  
•   Concentrated or strong bases are caustic (corrosive) on organic matter and react violently with acidic substances
•   Aqueous solutions (bases dissolved in water) or molten bases dissociate in ions and conduct electricity
•   Reactions with indicators: bases turn litmus paper blue and phenolphthalein pink 
•   In chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept hydrogen ions.
    A base is also often referred to as an alkali if OH– ions (hydroxide ions) are involved. Examples of simple bases are sodium
    hydroxide and ammonia. Although ammonia does not directly contain an OH– group in its, formula, it produces one in water i.e.
    Ammonium hydroxide. All compound containing hydroxide are bases. For example, Sodium hydroxide  (NaOH),
    Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂], Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] etc. 
•     Bases can be thought of as the chemical opposite of acids. A reaction between an acid and base is called neutralization.
      Bases and acids are seen as opposites because the effect on an acid is to increase the hydronium ion (H₃O+) concentration in water,
      whereas bases reduce this concentration. Bases react with acids to produce water and salts (or their solutions). Acids react with bases to form salt and water. 
•     Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form common salt called sodium chloride and water. This reaction supports neutralization
•     Farmers use slaked lime [calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH₂)] or quick lime [calcium oxide, CaO] to neutralise the acidic effects of soil in their farms. 
•     In case the soil is basic, organic matter is used to release or neutralise the bases. 
•     Bacterias are continuously produced in our mouth, which causes tooth decay by making acids. Basic nature of toothpaste and
      toothpowder prevents tooth decay by neutralizing the acidic effects.
•     A small amount of hydrochloric acid available in our stomach helps digesting food and kills the germs.
     Its excess production in stomach causes indigestion. To neutralize the effects of acid magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)  tablets are used. 
•    Baking Soda [Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO₃] is used to treat bee sting or ant sting. Their sting release formic acid on the skin is neutralized by bases.   

SALT
   A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralization reaction of acids and bases.
  There are several varieties of salts. Salts that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are basic salts
  and salts that produce hydronium ions in water are acid salts. Neutral salts are those that are neither acid nor basic salts. 
  When salts are dissolved in water, they are called electrolytes, and are able to conduct electricity, a property that is shared
  with molten salts. Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂), Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃), Calcium Sulphate (CaSO₄) etc.
  are some examples of salt. Not all salt are edible. Salts can be poisonous to the body as well. Not all salts are salty.
  Salt that we add to our food is Sodium Chloride (NaCl).  

Did you Know

1.    Sulphuric acid is called the king of chemicals because of its wide spread use.
2.    Bases tat can dissolve in water are called alkali. Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and potassium hydroxide(KOH)   are bases that can readily dissolve in water.
3.    Acid rain is formed when pollutants, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) which are released into  the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels.
4.    Saliva in the mouth contains mucus, which lubricates food and case its passage into the food pipe is  basic in nature.
5.    Blood when healthy is also basic in nature.
6.    NaOH and KOH are called caustic alkalis’ as they cause skin burns.
7.    Sodium iodede contains iodine which is a supplement to common salt(sodium chloride) that prevents  the disease. 

                    Golden Key Points

1.    All acids have a sour taste. They turn blue litmus red.

2.    Bases are bitter in taste and produce a soapy feeling. They turn red litmus blue.

3.    Indicators are substance which help us to identify acids and bases.

4.    A salt is produced when an acid is neutralized by a base.

5.    Substance that are neither acidic nor basic are called neutral.

6.    A reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water is called neutralisation reaction.

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

(A)    Answer the following in not more than 20 words.  
Q.1    Classify the following substances into acidic and basic substances. 
    Tomato juice, soap solution, toothpaste, lemon juice, vinegar
Q.2    Name three mineral acids and give their formulae. 
Q.3    Define acids
Q.4    Define bases
Q.5    What are soluble bases called ? Give two examples. 
Q.6    Define neutral substances and indicators.

(B)    Answer the following in not more than 40 words. 
Q.1    Name an acidic gas which is discharged into the atmosphere on the
          burning of fuels like coal and natural gas. How is this gas formed ? 
Q.2    What are the general properties of basic substances ? 

(C)    Answer the following in not more than 100 words.
Q.1    Write the properties of an acid
Q.2    Describe an activity to show the effect of an acid on carbonates and hydrogencarbonates
Q.3    What is acid rain ? How is it formed ? Mention three bad effects of acid rain. 
Q.4    Write a note on the uses of bases. 
Q.5    Why factory waste is neutralised before disposing it into the water bodies?

(D)    Complete the following. 
Q.1    The sour things we eat contain…..
Q.2    Ammonium hydroxide is an…..
Q.3    An acid is……by a base
Q.4    An antacid generally contains……
Q.5    Acid + base --------- +------------

 

(A)    Choose the correct option. 

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1   Acids are formed when 
       (A) metals combine with oxygen 
       (B) oxides of nonmetals dissolve in water
       (C) metals react with water
       (D) bases dissolve in water 

Q.2  Hydrochloric acid can be neutralised by 
       (A) nitric acid                 
       (B) sulphuric acid
       (C) citric acid                 
       (D) sodium hydroxide

Q.3  A soap solution is 
       (A) acidic                     
       (B) alkaline 
       (C) neutral                     
       (D) None 

Q.4  In a neutralisation reaction, an acid reacts with a base to give 
      (A) another acid    
      (B) another base
      (C) another acid and another base
      (D) a salt and water

(B)    Match the columns A and B
    
1.                A                                                    B    
(a)    Hydrochloride acid                  (i) In storage batteries
(b)    Ascorbic acid                          (ii) Found in yoghurt    
(c)    Sulphuric acid                        (iii) In making vinegar    
(d)    Lactic acid                             (iv) As bathroom acid    
(e)    Acetic acid                             (v) Vitamin C    

2.              A                                                      B    
(a)    Sodium iodate                        (i) A food preservative
(b)    Calcium sulphate                   (ii) Used as a fertiliser
(c)    Bleaching powder                 (iii) Present in plaster of Paris    
(d)    Ammonium sulphate             (iv) A disinfectant    
(e)    Sodium benzoate                   (v) A supplement to common salt

 (C)    Tick the correct box.  

Q.1    Are most salts neutral ?  

Q.2    Are soluble bases called alkalis ? 

Q.3    Calcium carbonate when heated gives calcium oxide, which is a base. Will the same base be formed when calcium chloride is heated ? 

Q.4    Lemon juice gives carbon dioxide with baking soda. Will it give carbon dioxide with marble too ? 

Q.5    Carbon when burnt in air gives an acidic gas. Does sulphur when burnt in air give and an acidic gas ? 

ANSWER KEY

(A)    Choose the correct option.
1.       C    2.    D    3.    B    4.     D

(B)    Match columns.
1.    (a) – (iv)    (b) – (v)    (c) – (i)
       (d) – (ii)    (e) – (iii)
2.    (a) – (v)    (b) – (iii)    (c) – (iv)
       (d) – (ii)    (e) – (i)    

(C)    Tick the correct box. 
1.      No    2.     Yes    3.     No    4.     Yes    5.     Yes    

 

CHOOSE CORRECT OPTION

1.    Which of the following is a strong acid ?
    (A) Lactic acid    (B) Ascorbic acid    (C) Sulphuric acid    (D) Formic acid
 

2.    Which of the following is a strong base ?
    (A) Ammonium hydroxide    (B) Sodium hydroxide    (C) Magnesium hydroxide    (D) Copper hydroxide
 

3.    Which of the following compounds is an acid?
    (A) Na₂O    (B) Ca(OH)₂    (C) CuO    (D) HNO₃
 

4.     Which of the following is not a base? 
    (A) KOH    (B) ZnO    (C) Al(OH)₃    (D) NaCl
 

5.     Which of the following is a strong acid?
    (A) H₂CO₃    (B) CHCOOH    (C) HCl    (D) HCOOH
 

6.    Which of the following is a dibasic acid? 
    (A) HCI    (B) H₃PO₄    (C) HNO₃    (D) H₂SO4
 

7.    Potash alum is a
    (A) simple salt    (B) complex salt    (C) acid salt     (D) double salt
 

8.    Acetic acid is a weak acid because 
    (A) its aqueous solution is acidic    (B) it is highly ionized 
    (C) it is weakly ionized         (D) it contains –COON group
 

9.    Dolomite is
    (A) an acid salt    (B) a mixed salt    (C) a normal salt    (D) a double salt
 

10.    The reaction, Pb(OH)₂ + HNO₃ ---> Pb(OH)NO₃ + H2O shows that Pb(OH)NO₃ is :-
    (A) an acid salt    (B) a basic salt    (C) a base    (D) an acid
 

11.    Partial neutralization of a polybasic acid gives
    (A) acid salt    (B) a basic salt    (C) normal salt    (D) double salt
 

12.    Strongst salt amongst the following is
    (A) NaCl    (B) CaCl₂    (C) BaSO₄    (D) LiCl
 

13.    Which of the following can form more than one acid salt?
    (A) CH₃COOH    (B) H₃PO₄    (C) CH₃CH₂COOH    (D) ZnO
 

14.    Which of the following is not a base?
    (A) KOH    (B) Ca(OH)₂    (C) K₂SO₄     (D) ZnO
 

15.    A solution turns blue litmus red. The pH of the solution is probably
    (A) 8    (B) 10    (C) 12    (D) 6
 

16.    The type of medicine used to treat indigestion is
    (A) antihistamic    (B) sulpha drug    (C) antacid    (D) antibiotic

 17.    Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion ?
    (A) Antibiotic    (B) Analgesic    (C) Antacid    (D) Antiseptic
 

18.    Which of the following is an organic acid ?
    (A) Hydrochloric acid     (B) Sulphuric acid    (C) Citric acid    (D) Nitric acid
 

19.    Which of the following acids is not used in food stuff ?
    (A) Ascorbic acid    (B) Hydrochloric acid    (C) Tartaric acid    (D) Citric acid
 

20.    The acid present in tea is  
    (A) tannic    (B) lactic    (C) tartaric    (D) citric
 

21.    Ascorbic acid is present in -
    (A) milk    (B) tea    (C) ants    (D) lemon juice
 

22.    Acid reacts with metal to form -
    (A) salt and CO₂    (B) salt and water    (C) salt and O₂    (D) salt and H2
 

23.    NaHCO₃ + A ---> NaCI +CO₂ + H₂O
    What is 'A' in above equation ?
    (A) HNO₃    (B) HCl    (C) Cl₂    (D) H₂SO₄
 

24.    Na2O + 2HCI --->  A + B
    What is 'A' and 'B' in above equation ?
    (A) NaOH + H₂    (B) 2NaCI + H₂O    (C) NaOH + Cl₂    (D) 2NaCl + O₂
 

25.    Sulphuric acid is formed when ___________ reacts with water  
    (A) CO₂    (B) P₂O5    (C) SO₃    (D) O₂
 

26.    The acid used in the making of vinegar is  
    (A) formic acid    (B) acetic acid    (C) sulphuric acid    (D) nitric acid
 

27.    Common name of H₂SO₄ is -
    (A) oil of vitriol    (B) muriatic acid    (C) blue vitriol    (D) green vitriol
 

28.    CuO + (X) ---> CuSO4 + H₂O. Here (X) is  
    (A) CuSO₄    (B) HCI    (C) H₂SO₄    (D) HNO₃
 

29.    Which is strongest acid among the following ?
    (A) HClO₄    (B) H₂SO₄    (C) HCI    (D) HBr
 

30.    Arrhenius acid gives -
    (A) H+ in water    (B) OH– in water    (C) both    (D) none
 

31.    Which of the following is the weakest base ?
    (A) NaOH    (B) NH₄OH    (C) KOH    (D) Ca(OH)₂
 

32.    Reaction of an acid with a base is known as -
    (A) decomposition    (B) combination    (C) redox reaction    (D) neutralization
 

33.    Lime water is -
    (A) dilute solution of Ca(OH)₂    (B) Mg(OH)₂ solution
    (C) NaOH solution        (D) KOH solution
 

34.    When CO₂ is passed through lime water, it turns milky. The milkiness in due to -
    (A) CaCO₃    (B) Ca(OH)₂    (C) H₂O    (D) CO₂
 

35.    Caustic soda is the common name for  
    (A) Mg(OH)₂    (B) KOH    (C) Ca(OH)₂    (D) NaOH
 

36.    Antacids contain -
    (A) weak base    (B) weak acid.    (C) strong base    (D) strong acid
 

37.    Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is used in  
    (A) plastics and dyes     (B) fertilizers    (C) antacids    (D) white washing
 

38.    2NaOH + MgSO4 ---> ?
    (A) MgO + Na₂SO₄     (B) Mg(OH)₂ + Na₂SO4     (C) Mg(OH)₂ + Na₂O    (D) MgO + Na₂O
 

39.    Aqueous solution of base turn the red litmus into -
    (A) green    (B) blue    (C) yellow    (D) black
 

40.    Aqueous solution of Ammonia is -
    (A) acidic    (B) basic    (C) neutral    (D) none
 

41.    pH of alkaline solution is -4
    (A) pH > 7    (B) pH < 7    (C) pH = 7    (D) pH < 4
 

42.    Bases are the substance which on dissolving in water give  
    (A) H+ ions    (B) OH– ions    (C) Ca++ ions    (D) Na+ ions
 

43.    Soda-lime is a mixture of
    (A) NaOH + CaO    (B) Ca(OH)₂ +N₂O    (C) CaO + Ca(OH)₂     (D) all are correct
 

44.    Which is strongest base among the following ?
    (A) NaOH    (B) Mg(OH)₂    (C) Fe(OH)₃    (D) Be(OH)₂
 

45.    Aqueous solution of Na₂O will be -
    (A) acidic    (B) basic    (C) neutral    (D) none
 

46.    Many salts absorb water from the atmosphere. This property is called  
    (A) hydration    (B) dehydration    (C) efflorescence    (D) deliquescence
 

47.    A certain metal has an insoluble chloride and an insoluble sulphate. The metal could be  
    (A) copper    (B) sodium    (C) potassium    (D) calcium
 

48.    Formula of rock salt is  
    (A) CaCl2    (B) KCI    (C) NaCI    (D) MgCl₂
 

49.    Phenolphthalein turns _______ in acidic solution.
    (A) colourless    (B) pink    (C) red    (D) green
 

50.    Which of the following is an acidic salt ?
    (A) ZnSO₄    (B) CH₃COONa    (C) NaCI    (D) Na₂SO₄
 

51.    The metal which can displace zinc from its salt solution is -
    (A) Mg    (B) Fe    (C) Pb    (D) Cu
 

52.    In bases, methyl orange
    (A) turns green    (B) turns black    (C) turns red    
    (D) shows no change in colour.
 

53.    Indicators are  
    (A) weak electrolytes    (B) strong electrolytes    (C) neutral    (D) none of these
 

54.    Which is an acidic indicator ?
    (A) Phenolphthalein     (B) Methyl orange    (C) (A) & (B) both    (D) none
 

55.    The formula of alum is -
    (A) K₂SO₄.Al₂(SO₄)₃.24H₂O    (B) K₂SO₄.Al₂(SO₄)₃.12H₂O    
    (C) (A) & (B) both        (D) Na2CO3.10H2O
 

56.    Aqueous solution of FeCl₃ will be  
    (A) acidic    (B) basic    (C) neutral    (D) none
 

57.    The acid used in making of vinegar is -
    (A) Formic acid    (B) Acetic acid    (C) Sulphuric acid    (D) Nitric acid
 

58.    Common name of H₂SO4 is -
    (A) Oil  of vitriol    (B) Muriatic acid    (C) Blue vitriol    (D) Green vitriol
 

59.    CuO + (X) ---> CuSO, + H₂O. Here (X) is  
    (A) CuSO₄    (B) HCI    (C) H₂SO₄    (D) HNO₃
 

60.    Which of the following is the weakest base ? 
    (A) NaOH    (B) NH₄OH    (C) KOH    (D) Ca(OH)₂
 

61.    Reaction of an acid with a base is known as 
    (A) decomposition    (B) combination    (C) redox reaction    (D) neutralization
 

62.    When CO₂ is passed through lime water, it turns milky. The milkiness is due to the formation of -
    (A) CaCO₃    (B) Ca(OH)₂    (C) H₂O    (D) CO₂
 

63.    Caustic soda is the common name -for - 
    (A) Mg(OH)₂    (B) KOH    (C) Ca(OH)₂    (D) NaOH
 

64.    Antacids contain -
    (A) Weak base    (B) Weak acid    (C) Strong base    (D) Strong acid
 

65.    Calcium hydroxide (slaked, lime) is used in - 
    (A) Plastics and dyes    (B) Fertilizers    (C) Antacids    (D) White washing
 

66.    Acids gives :-
    (A) H+ in water    (B) OH– in water    (C) Both (A) & (B)    (D) None of these
 

67.    H₂CO₃ is a -
    (A) strong acid    (B) weak acid    (C) strong base    (D) weak base
 

68.    A solution turns red litmus blue. Its pH is likely to be 
    (A) 2    (B) 4    (C) 7    (D) 10
 

69.    If pH of any solution is equal to zero then solution will be -
    (A) acidic    (B) basic    (C) neutral    (D) none of these
 

70.    Methyl orange is  
    (A) an acidic indicator    (B) a basic indicator    (C) a neutral indicator    (D) none of these
 

71.    pH of Blood is  
    (A) 6.4    (B) 7.4     (C) 4.7    (D) 6.4
 

72.    If pH of solution is 13, means that it is  
    (A) weakly acidic    (B) weakly basic    (C) strongly acidic    (D) strongly basic
 

73.    Which is a base and not an alkali ?
    (A) NaOH    (B) KOH    (C) Fe(OH)₃    (D) none is true
 

74.    Energy released in neutralisation reaction which occurs between strong acid and strong base is -
    (A) 57.8 kJ    (B) 57.1 kJ    (C) 57.9 kJ    (D) 56.1 kJ
 

75.    A solution has pH 2. It contains
    (A) CH₃COOH    (B) H2CO₃    (C) HNO₃     (D) H₂C₂O₄
 

76.    A solution has pH 9. On dilution the pH value
    (A) decreases    (B) increases    (C) remain same    (D) none of these
 

77.    A salt derived from strong acid and weak base will dissolve in water to give a solution which is  
    (A) acidic    (B) basic    (C) neutral    (D) none of these
 

78.    Materials used in the manufacture of bleaching powder are  
    (A) lime stone and chlorine        (B) quick lime and chlorine
    (C) slaked lime and HCI         (D) slaked lime and chlorine
 

79.    Bleaching powder gives smell of chlorine because it  
    (A) is unstable    
    (B) gives chlorine on exposure to atmosphere
    (C) is a mixture of chlorine and slaked lime
    (D) contains excess of chlorine
 

80.    Baking powder contains, baking soda and 
    (A) potassium hydrogen tartarate    (B) calcium bicarbonate
    (C) sodium carbonate        (D) vinegar
 

81.    Plaster of paris is made from  
    (A) lime stone    (B) slaked lime    (C) quicklime    (D) gypsum
 

82.    Setting of plaster of paris takes place due to -
    (A) oxidation    (B) reduction    (C) dehydration    (D) hydration.
 

83.    Chemical formula of baking soda is  
    (A) MgSO₄    (B) Na₂CO₃    (C) NaHCO₃    (D) MgCO₃
 

84.    The chemical name of marble is - 
    (A) calcium carbonate    (B) magnesium carbonate    (C) calcium chloride    (D) calcium sulphate
 

85.    Washing soda has the formula -
    (A) Na₂CO₃.7H2O    (B) Na₂CO₃.10H₂O    (C) Na₂CO₃.H2O    (D) Na₂CO₃
 

86.    The raw materials required for the manufacture NaHCO3 by Solvay process are -
    (A) CaCl₂,(NH₄)2CO₃, NH₃        (B) NH₄Cl, NaCI, Ca(OH)₂
    (C) NaCI,(NH₄)2CO₃, NH₃         (D) NaCl, NH₃, CaCO₃, H₂O
 

87.    Plaster of Paris hardens by  
    (A) giving off CO₂        (B) changing into CaCO₃
    (C) combining with water.        (D) giving out water.
 

88.    The difference in number of water molecules in gypsum and plaster of paris is -
    (A) 5/2    (B) 2    (C) 1/2    (D) 3/2
 

89.    According to Arrhenius concept, base is a substance that  
    (A) gives H+ ions in solution    (B) gives  OH– ions in solution.
    (C) accepts electrons        (D) donates electrons
 

90.    According to Bronsted - Lowry concept an acid is a substance which  
    (A) accepts proton        (B) gives an electron pair
    (C) gives proton        (D) combines with H₃O+ ions
 

91.    According to Lewis concept, a base is a substance which :-
    (A) donates an electron pair.    (B) accepts an electron pair.
    (C) produces hydronium ions.    (D) combines with OH– ions.
 

92.    The strength of the acid depends on the  
    (A) number of hydrogen atoms present in the molecule:'
    (B) oxygen content.
    (C) density.
    (D) concentration of hydrogen ions furnished by ionisation.
 

93.    Which among the following qualifies as a Lewis acid ? 
    (A) NaF    (B) NaCl    (C) BF₃    (D) H₃O+
 

94.    Which of the following will qualify as a Lewis base ? 
    (A) BCl₃    (B) CH₄    (C) Cl₂    (D) NH₃
 

95.    NH4+ ion in aqueous solution will behave as  
    (A) a base    (B) an acid    (C) both acid and base    (D) neutral
 

96.    Which one of the following does not act as a Bronsted acid ?
    (A) NH₄+    (B) HCO₃–    (C) HSO₃–    (D) CH₃COO–
 

97.    Of the given anions, the strongest Bronsted base is  
    (A) ClO–    (B) ClO₂–    (C) ClO₃–    (D) ClO₄–
 

98.    The compound that is not a Lewis acid is -
    (A) BaCl₂    (B) AICl₃    (C) BCl₃    (D) SnCl₄
 

99.    The numerical value of negative power to which 10 must be raised in order to express hydrogen ion concentration is equal to  
    (A) strength of the solution        (B) pH of the solution
    (C) degree of hydrolysis            (D) solubility product of the electrolyte
 

100.    Which one of the following relationship is correct 
    (A) pH =      (B) pH = log [H+]    (C) log pH = [H+]    (D) pH = log